ABSTRACT
Objectives@#. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of steroid-impregnated spacers to that of conventional management after endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). @*Methods@#. Six databases were searched from inception until November 2022. Sixteen studies were found that compared the improvement of chronic sinusitis-related symptoms and postoperative outcomes between a steroid-impregnated spacer group and a control group (non-steroid-impregnated spacers). The Cochrane risk of bias tool (for randomized controlled studies) and the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (for non-randomized controlled studies) were used to assess the quality of the works included. @*Results@#. Regarding the endoscopic findings, the degree of mucosal edema, ethmoid inflammation, crust formation at 2–3 months postoperatively, nasal discharge, polyposis, and scarring/synechia were significantly lower in the steroid-impregnated spacer group. The steroid-impregnated spacer group also showed significantly lower Lund–Kennedy scores and perioperative sinus endoscopy scores than the control group at 2–3 weeks postoperatively. Furthermore, the steroid-impregnated spacer group had lower rates of adhesions, middle turbinate lateralization, polypoid changes, the need for oral steroid use, the need for postoperative therapeutic interventions, and lysis of adhesions than controls. However, no significant between-group differences were found in short-term (2–3 weeks postoperatively) endoscopic findings regarding nasal discharge, postoperative crusting, polyposis, or scarring/synechia. @*Conclusion@#. Steroid-impregnated nasal packing reduced the rates of postoperative intervention and recurrent polyposis and inflammation in CRS patients undergoing ESS.
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND@#Breast cancer patients suffer from lowered quality of life (QoL) after surgery. Breast conservancy surgery (BCS) such as partial mastectomy is being practiced and studied as an alternative to solve this problem. This study confirmed breast tissue reconstruction in a pig model by fabricating a 3-dimensional (3D) printed Polycaprolactone spherical scaffold (PCL ball) to fit the tissue resected after partial mastectomy. @*METHODS@#A 3D printed Polycaprolactone spherical scaffold with a structure that can help adipose tissue regeneration was produced using computer-aided design (CAD). A physical property test was conducted for optimization. In order to enhance biocompatibility, collagen coating was applied and a comparative study was conducted for 3 months in a partial mastectomy pig model. @*RESULTS@#In order to identify adipose tissue and fibroglandular tissue, which mainly constitute breast tissue, the degree of adipose tissue and collagen regeneration was confirmed in a pig model after 3 months. As a result, it was confirmed that a lot of adipose tissue was regenerated in the PCL ball, whereas more collagen was regenerated in the collagen-coated Polycaprolactone spherical scaffold (PCL–COL ball). In addition, as a result of confirming the expression levels of TNF-a and IL-6, it was confirmed that PCL ball showed higher levels than PCL–COL ball. @*CONCLUSION@#Through this study, we were able to confirm the regeneration of adipose tissue through a 3-dimensional structure in a pig model. Studies were conducted on medium and large-sized animal models for the final purpose of clinical use and reconstruction of human breast tissue, and the possibility was confirmed.
ABSTRACT
Background and Objectives@#Evidence bearing on the safety and efficacy of dupilumab treatment for chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) has recently been presented by researchers from various institutions. Therefore, we compared the safety and efficacy of dupilumab treatment to those of endoscopic sinus surgery. @*Methods@#The PubMed, Scopus, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane databases were searched independently by two authors from the dates of their inception to December 2022. We retrieved the clinical results of CRSwNP patients after dupilumab administration, including changes in patient symptoms and the effects on the quality of life, and compared the results of dupilumab (treatment group) to those of endoscopic sinus surgery (control group). @*Results@#Eight articles (1,251 patients) were ultimately included. Dupilumab significantly improved nasal symptoms (nasal congestion) (mean difference [MD], -1.4433; 95% confidence interval [CI], -1.7233 to -1.1632; I2=94.2%), the visual analog sinusitis score (MD, -5.0506; 95% CI, -5.4744 to -4.6267; I2=84.0%), olfactory function (standardized MD, 1.2691; 95% CI, 1.1549 to 1.3833; I2=18.4%), the quality of life (SNOT-22 score) (MD, -34.4941; 95% CI, -39.4187 to -29.5695; I2=90.8%), the Lund-Mackay computed tomography score (MD, -7.2713; 95% CI, -8.9442 to -5.5984; I2=87.7%), and the nasal polyp score (MD, -3.1021; 95% CI, -3.7066 to -2.4977; I2=95.6%) at about 12 months after treatment compared to the pretreatment values. Compared to endoscopic sinus surgery, dupilumab similarly improved olfactory function (MD, 1.9849; 95% CI, -1.6190 to 5.5888; I2=0.0%) but was less effective in terms of reducing the SNOT-22 score (MD, 3.8472; 95% CI, 1.9872 to 5.7073; I2=96.7%) and reducing nasal congestion (MD, 0.6519; 95% CI, 0.5619 to 0.7420; I2=97.7%). @*Conclusion@#Dupilumab reduced subjective symptom scores and improved the quality of life and objective measures of progression compared to the preoperative values.
ABSTRACT
An inverted papilloma of the frontal sinus is a challenging lesion for surgeons, for both anatomical and pathological reasons. Despite the trend away from an external approach and towards an endonasal endoscopic approach, indications for an external approach remain. The options for an external approach include endoscopic frontal trephination, transpalpebral orbital craniotomy, a supraorbital transeyebrow approach, an osteoplastic flap, and bifrontal craniotomy with cranialization. Each approach has advantages and disadvantages. Deciding on the appropriate approach is important for the patient’s prognosis and risk of complications. We report two cases of frontal sinus inverted papilloma treated with a combined bifrontal craniotomy with cranialization and endonasal endoscopic approach. We also present a general review of the external approaches mentioned above.
ABSTRACT
The prevalence of allergic rhinitis (AR) and the socioeconomic burden associated with the medical cost and quality of life of AR have progressively increased. Therefore, practical guidelines for the appropriate management of AR need to be developed based on scientific evidence considering the real-world environment, values, and preferences of patients and physicians. The Korean Academy of Asthma, Allergy and Clinical Immunology revised clinical guidelines for AR to address key clinical questions of the management of AR. Part 1 of the revised guideline covers the pharmacological management of patients with AR in Korea. Through a meta-analysis and a systematic review, we made 4 recommendations for AR pharmacotherapy, including intranasal corticosteroid (INCS)/intranasal antihistamine combination therapy, oral antihistamine/INCS combination therapy, leukotriene receptor antagonist treatment in AR patients with asthma, and prophylactic treatment for patients with pollen-induced AR. However, all recommendations are conditional because of the low or very low evidence of certainty. Well-designed and strictly executed randomized controlled trials are needed to measure and report appropriate outcomes.
ABSTRACT
Allergic rhinitis is the most common chronic disease worldwide. Various upper airway symptoms lower quality of life, and due to the recurrent symptoms, multiple treatments are usually attempted rather than one definitive treatment. There are alternatives to medical (medication-based) and nonmedical treatments. A guideline is needed to understand allergic rhinitis and develop an appropriate treatment plan. We have developed guidelines for medical treatment based on previous reports. The current guidelines herein are associated with the “KAAACI Evidence-Based Guidelines for Allergic Rhinitis in Korea, Part 1: Update in pharmacotherapy” in which we aimed to provide evidence-based recommendations for the medical treatment of allergic rhinitis. Part 2 focuses on nonpharmacological management, including allergen-specific immunotherapy, subcutaneous or sublingual immunotherapy, nasal saline irrigation, environmental management strategies, companion animal management, and nasal turbinate surgery. The evidence to support the treatment efficacy, safety, and selection has been systematically reviewed. However, larger controlled studies are needed to elevate the level of evidence to select rational non-medical therapeutic options for patients with allergic rhinitis.
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Background and Objectives@#The purpose of this study was to conduct a meta-analysis of the effects of intraoperative pharyngeal packing on postoperative nausea, vomiting, and sore throat in nasal surgery patients. @*Methods@#Databases were searched from inception to December 2022. Randomized controlled trials comparing saline-soaked pharyngeal packing (packing group) with no packing (control group) during intubation in patients undergoing nasal surgery were included. The primary outcomes of interest were the incidence of postoperative nausea, vomiting, and sore throat at 24 hours. @*Results@#Eleven studies, including a total of 931 patients, were included. There was no significant difference between the two groups in the incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting and severity scores at 2, 6, and 24 hours postoperatively. The incidence of throat pain was higher in the packing group than in the control group immediately after surgery and at 24 hours postoperatively. However, no significant difference was observed between the two groups in the incidence of sore throat at 6 and 12 hours postoperatively. @*Conclusion@#Intraoperative saline-soaked pharyngeal packing did not significantly decrease postoperative nausea and vomiting. However, the use of pharyngeal packing was associated with a higher incidence of sore throat in the initial recovery period.
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Background and Objectives@#We compared pain levels, cardiovascular parameters, and complications according to whether patients underwent nasal packing with non-absorbable or biodegradable materials. @*Methods@#Patients who underwent septoplasty from May 2015 to April 2020 were retrospectively reviewed. Numeric rating scale (NRS) scores for pain, blood pressure, and heart rate were measured three times (immediately after surgery, 6 hours later, and on postoperative day [POD] 1). We collected data on complications, including postoperative bleeding, septal hematoma, adhesions, septal perforation, and the recurrence of septal deviation. @*Results@#In total, 200 patients underwent septoplasty, of whom 100 underwent nasal packing with Merocel and 100 underwent packing with Nasopore. The summed NRS scores over the three time points did not differ significantly between the groups. The NRS scores at 6 hours after surgery were highest in both groups. The systolic and diastolic blood pressure and the heart rate immediately after surgery were significantly higher than before surgery in both groups. The blood pressure and heart rate at 6 hours after surgery and on POD 1 did not differ significantly from those before surgery in either group. The incidence of sleep disturbance, postoperative bleeding, septal hematoma, adhesions, septal perforation, and recurrence of septal deviation did not differ significantly between the two groups. @*Conclusion@#Although the level of postoperative pain and the cardiovascular parameters changed over time, we found no significant differences in pain, blood pressure, heart rate, or the complication rate according to whether patients underwent nasal packing with Nasopore or Merocel.
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Background and Objectives@#YouTube is a widely used web site. In general, many people search for medical information on YouTube. We evaluated the septoplasty and turbinoplasty videos on YouTube from an expert’s point of view. @*Methods@#We used “septoplasty,” “turbinoplasty,” and “septoplasty turbinoplasty” to search YouTube. Of the 150 videos, we eventually viewed 83. Two researchers assessed the sources, lengths, and numbers of likes, dislikes, and views. The videos were classified as “excellent,” “moderate,” or “poor” in terms of utility; we also evaluated the uploaded material and content. @*Results@#Of the 83 videos, 18 (21.7%) were excellent, 27 (32.5%) were moderate, and 38 (45.8%) were poor. We found no significant differences in length and mean likes, dislikes, and views between the groups classified as useful. Fifteen (39.5%) of 38 poor videos were by patients, and 13 (34.2%) of 38 poor videos were by physicians. When organized by content type, videos on personal experiences were significantly longer than the others. Of 20 videos on personal experiences, 15 (75%) were poor and all 5 advertisement videos (100%) were poor. @*Conclusion@#Information from YouTube on septoplasty and turbinoplasty is not yet adequate. However, since YouTube content cannot be controlled, it is necessary to upload objective and accurate videos for patients and experts in professional groups such as the medical society. Such videos should be promoted and used actively.
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Background/Aims@#This study assessed the efficacy and safety of adalimumab (ADA) and explored predictors of response in Korean patients with ulcerative colitis (UC). @*Methods@#A prospective, observational, multicenter study was conducted over 56 weeks in adult patients with moderately to severely active UC who received ADA. Clinical response, remission, and mucosal healing were assessed using the Mayo score. @*Results@#A total of 146 patients were enrolled from 17 academic hospitals. Clinical response rates were 52.1% and 37.7% and clinical remission rates were 24.0% and 22.0% at weeks 8 and 56, respectively. Mucosal healing rates were 39.0% and 30.1% at weeks 8 and 56, respectively. Prior use of anti-tumor necrosis factor-α (anti-TNF-α) did not affect clinical and endoscopic responses. The ADA drug level was significantly higher in patients with better outcomes at week 8 (P<0.05). In patients with lower endoscopic activity, higher body mass index, and higher serum albumin levels at baseline, the clinical response rate was higher at week 8. In patients with lower Mayo scores and C-reactive protein levels, clinical responses, and mucosal healing at week 8, the clinical response rate was higher at week 56. Serious adverse drug reactions were identified in 2.8% of patients. @*Conclusions@#ADA is effective and safe for induction and maintenance in Korean patients with UC, regardless of prior anti-TNF-α therapy. The ADA drug level is associated with the efficacy of induction therapy. Patients with better short-term outcomes were predictive of those with an improved long-term response.
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Objective@#The purpose of this study was to investigate the factors associated with the fear of coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) stigmatization in the elderly in Chungcheongnam-do, Korea. @*Methods@#This study used data of a survey on depression, loneliness, social support, and fear of COVID-19 of the elderly in a province of Korea in July to November, 2020. The sample consisted of 1,485 (female 1,117); mean age 78.3 (6.5) years old. We administered Korean version of the Geriatric Depression Scale-Short Form, 6-item De Jong Gierveld Loneliness Scale, Medical Outcome Study Social Support Survey and experience about COVID-19 infection or fear of stigmatization. Binary logistic regression analyses were performed for evaluating the association between fear of COVID-19 stigmatization and the factors; gender, education level, living with spouse, socioeconomic status, depression, loneliness, and social support. @*Results@#Socioeconomic status and loneliness are associated with the fear of COVID-19 disease stigmatization, and gender and socioeconomic status are associated with the fear of COVID-19 territorial stigmatization. @*Conclusion@#Gender, socioeconomic status and loneliness are the factors for COVID-19 stigmatization in the elderly in Chungcheongnam-do, Korea.
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Background/Aims@#Glecaprevir/pibrentasvir (G/P) is the first pan-genotypic direct-acting antiviral combination therapy approved in Korea. An integrated analysis of five phase II and III trials was conducted to evaluate the efficacy and safety of G/P in Korean patients with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. @*Methods@#The study analyzed pooled data on Korean patients with HCV infection enrolled in the ENDURANCE 1 and 2, SURVEYOR II part 4 and VOYAGE I and II trials, which evaluated the efficacy and safety of 8 or 12 weeks of G/P treatment. The patients were either treatment-naïve or had received sofosbuvir or interferon-based treatment. Efficacy was evaluated by assessing the rate of sustained virologic response at 12 weeks posttreatment (SVR12). Safety was evaluated by monitoring adverse events (AEs) and laboratory assessments. @*Results@#The analysis included 265 patients; 179 (67.5%) were HCV treatment-naïve, and most patients were either subgenotype 1B (48.7%) or 2A (44.5%). In the intention-to-treat population, 262 patients (98.9%) achieved SVR12. Three patients did not achieve SVR12: one had virologic failure and two had non-virologic failures. Most AEs were grade 1/2; eight patients (3.0%) expe-rienced at least one grade ≥3 AE. No serious AEs related to G/P treatment were reported, and grade ≥3 hepatic laboratory abnormalities were rare (0.8%). @*Conclusions@#G/P therapy was highly efficacious and well tolerated in Korean patients with HCV infection, with most patients achieving SVR12. The safety profile was comparable to that observed in a pooled analysis of a global pan-genotypic population of patients with HCV infection who received G/P.
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Since the first report of neonatal case on March 29, 2020, a small number of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) cases in newborn infants have been reported in Korea. The COVID-19 pandemic in Korea has urged the development of response guidelines for newborn infants born to mothers with suspected or confirmed COVID-19. These guidelines have been revised following further updates on COVID-19. The Korean Society of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and the Korean Society of Neonatology issued updated guidelines for COVID-19 in newborn infants on December 31, 2020. The present review introduces the management of newborn infants born to mothers with suspected or confirmed COVID-19, based on current updated guidelines for COVID-19. The management includes infection precautions for healthcare workers, neonatal resuscitation, neonatal isolation and medical care, breastfeeding, testing for COVID-19, and mother/baby contact.
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Objectives@#. A systematic review of the literature was conducted to evaluate hypotensive agents in terms of their adverse effects and associations with perioperative morbidity in patients undergoing nasal surgery. @*Methods@#. Two authors independently searched databases (Medline, Scopus, and Cochrane databases) up to February 2020 for randomized controlled trials comparing the perioperative administration of a hypotensive agent with a placebo or other agent. The outcomes of interest for this analysis were intraoperative morbidity, operative time, intraoperative bleeding, hypotension, postoperative nausea/vomiting, and postoperative pain. Both a standard pairwise meta-analysis and network meta-analysis were conducted. @*Results@#. Our analysis was based on 37 trials. Treatment networks consisting of six interventions (placebo, clonidine, dexmedetomidine, beta-blockers, opioids, and nitroglycerine) were defined for the network meta-analysis. Dexmedetomidine resulted in the greatest differences in intraoperative bleeding (−0.971; 95% confidence interval [CI], −1.161 to −0.781), intraoperative fentanyl administration (−3.683; 95% CI, −4.848 to −2.518), and postoperative pain (−2.065; 95% CI, −3.170 to −0.960) compared with placebo. The greatest difference in operative time compared with placebo was achieved with clonidine (−0.699; 95% CI, −0.977 to −0.421). All other agents also had beneficial effects on the measured outcomes. Dexmedetomidine was less likely than other agents to cause adverse effects. @*Conclusion@#. This study demonstrated the superiority of the systemic use of dexmedetomidine as a perioperative hypotensive agent compared with the other five tested agents. However, the other agents were also superior to placebo in improving operative time, intraoperative bleeding, and postoperative pain.
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Objectives@#. This study evaluated the diagnostic value of various symptoms of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in screening for this disease. @*Methods@#. Two authors (working independently) comprehensively reviewed six databases (PubMed, Cochrane Database, Embase, Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar) from their dates of inception until November 2020. The predictive value of patient-reported symptoms, including otolaryngologic and general symptoms, was evaluated in adults who underwent testing for COVID-19. True-positive, true-negative, false-positive, and false-negative data were extracted from each study. The methodological quality of the included studies was evaluated using the quality assessment of diagnostic accuracy studies tool (ver. 2). @*Results@#. Twenty-eight prospective and retrospective studies were included in the meta-analysis. The diagnostic odds ratio (DOR) of a change in olfaction and/or taste was 10.20 (95% confidence interval [CI], 8.43–12.34). The area under the summary receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.8. Olfactory and/or taste changes had a low sensitivity (0.57; 95% CI, 0.47–0.66) but moderate negative (0.78; 95% CI, 0.69–0.85] and positive (0.78; 95% CI, 0.66–0.87) predictive values and a high specificity (0.91; 95% CI, 0.83–0.96). Olfactory and/or taste changes had a higher diagnostic value than the other otolaryngologic symptoms, a higher DOR and specificity, and a similar or higher diagnostic value than the other general symptoms. @*Conclusion@#. Among otolaryngologic symptoms, olfactory and/or taste dysfunction was the most closely associated with COVID-19 and its general symptoms, and should therefore be considered when screening for the disease.
ABSTRACT
Since the first report of neonatal case on March 29, 2020, a small number of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) cases in newborn infants have been reported in Korea. The COVID-19 pandemic in Korea has urged the development of response guidelines for newborn infants born to mothers with suspected or confirmed COVID-19. These guidelines have been revised following further updates on COVID-19. The Korean Society of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and the Korean Society of Neonatology issued updated guidelines for COVID-19 in newborn infants on December 31, 2020. The present review introduces the management of newborn infants born to mothers with suspected or confirmed COVID-19, based on current updated guidelines for COVID-19. The management includes infection precautions for healthcare workers, neonatal resuscitation, neonatal isolation and medical care, breastfeeding, testing for COVID-19, and mother/baby contact.
ABSTRACT
Objectives@#. A systematic review of the literature was conducted to evaluate hypotensive agents in terms of their adverse effects and associations with perioperative morbidity in patients undergoing nasal surgery. @*Methods@#. Two authors independently searched databases (Medline, Scopus, and Cochrane databases) up to February 2020 for randomized controlled trials comparing the perioperative administration of a hypotensive agent with a placebo or other agent. The outcomes of interest for this analysis were intraoperative morbidity, operative time, intraoperative bleeding, hypotension, postoperative nausea/vomiting, and postoperative pain. Both a standard pairwise meta-analysis and network meta-analysis were conducted. @*Results@#. Our analysis was based on 37 trials. Treatment networks consisting of six interventions (placebo, clonidine, dexmedetomidine, beta-blockers, opioids, and nitroglycerine) were defined for the network meta-analysis. Dexmedetomidine resulted in the greatest differences in intraoperative bleeding (−0.971; 95% confidence interval [CI], −1.161 to −0.781), intraoperative fentanyl administration (−3.683; 95% CI, −4.848 to −2.518), and postoperative pain (−2.065; 95% CI, −3.170 to −0.960) compared with placebo. The greatest difference in operative time compared with placebo was achieved with clonidine (−0.699; 95% CI, −0.977 to −0.421). All other agents also had beneficial effects on the measured outcomes. Dexmedetomidine was less likely than other agents to cause adverse effects. @*Conclusion@#. This study demonstrated the superiority of the systemic use of dexmedetomidine as a perioperative hypotensive agent compared with the other five tested agents. However, the other agents were also superior to placebo in improving operative time, intraoperative bleeding, and postoperative pain.
ABSTRACT
Objectives@#. This study evaluated the diagnostic value of various symptoms of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in screening for this disease. @*Methods@#. Two authors (working independently) comprehensively reviewed six databases (PubMed, Cochrane Database, Embase, Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar) from their dates of inception until November 2020. The predictive value of patient-reported symptoms, including otolaryngologic and general symptoms, was evaluated in adults who underwent testing for COVID-19. True-positive, true-negative, false-positive, and false-negative data were extracted from each study. The methodological quality of the included studies was evaluated using the quality assessment of diagnostic accuracy studies tool (ver. 2). @*Results@#. Twenty-eight prospective and retrospective studies were included in the meta-analysis. The diagnostic odds ratio (DOR) of a change in olfaction and/or taste was 10.20 (95% confidence interval [CI], 8.43–12.34). The area under the summary receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.8. Olfactory and/or taste changes had a low sensitivity (0.57; 95% CI, 0.47–0.66) but moderate negative (0.78; 95% CI, 0.69–0.85] and positive (0.78; 95% CI, 0.66–0.87) predictive values and a high specificity (0.91; 95% CI, 0.83–0.96). Olfactory and/or taste changes had a higher diagnostic value than the other otolaryngologic symptoms, a higher DOR and specificity, and a similar or higher diagnostic value than the other general symptoms. @*Conclusion@#. Among otolaryngologic symptoms, olfactory and/or taste dysfunction was the most closely associated with COVID-19 and its general symptoms, and should therefore be considered when screening for the disease.
ABSTRACT
Objectives@#：Dementia is one of the most distressing mental health problems in the older population. Caregivers also experienced physical, psychological, and emotional stress from taking care of dementia patients. So, we developed program for supporting dementia caregiver and evaluated its efficacy on reducing caregiver bur-den. @*Methods@#：We provided 5 sessions of dementia caregiver supporting program to 30 caregivers who were taking care of dementia patient in their home. Program was held in Cheonan Center for Alzheimer’s disease and other dementia that was established by Cheonan city government for supporting dementia patients and their caregivers. We evaluated caregiver burden using short Zarit burden inventory consisted of 12 items scoring 0 (no burden) to 4 (everyday burden) before and after program. We evaluated satisfaction of caregiver about program using satisfaction survey consisted of 10 items scoring 0 (very dissatisfy) to 4 (very satisfy) after program. @*Results@#：Mean age of caregiver was 61.9. 40.0% (n=12) of caregivers were spouse. 53.3% (n=16) of caregiv-ers were son or daughter. Caregiver burden that was estimated by short Zarit burden inventory were significantly decreased after program (p<0.001). When each item was compared, 4 items (7, 10, 11 and 12) were significantly decreased after program (p=0.036, p=0.018, p=0.01, p=0.024). All mean scores of 10 items about satisfactionwere over 3 meaning that participants generally satisfied to program. @*Conclusions@#：Our study suggested that dementia caregiver supporting program could reduce caregiver burden and provide satisfaction. Therefore, programs for supporting dementia caregivers might be important as well as treating dementia patients. So, we should be interested in developing and providing efficiently this kind of pro-gram to reduce caregiver burden.
ABSTRACT
Since December 2019, the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been spreading rapidly worldwide. With the increase in the number of infections, the numbers of pregnant women and newborn infants with COVID-19 are also increasing. Accord ing to the limited recent studies, COVID-19 appears to be mainly transmitted to newborn infants by the mother’s droplets or direct contact with the mother, and no clear evidence supports the vertical transmission from the mother to the newborn infant. To date, the likelihood of severe outcomes in newborn infants born to mothers with confirmed COVID-19 is relatively very low, but the possibility should be considered. The present response guidelines address the management of newborn infants born to mothers with suspected or confirmed COVID-19. The management covers precautions for birth attendants or medical staffs, testing for COVID-19, isolation, neonatal care, breastfeeding, and mother/baby contact. These response guidelines can be revised in accordance with further updates on COVID-19 and should be adapted to each local health-care facility.